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This model has been applied to the Covid-19 pandemic after the vaccination

campaign had already started. ⁸

The simple model outlined here assumes random mixing, but it may be more

realistic to assume transmission on a network (Sect. 12.2) as explored, for example,

by Keeling and Eames (2005).

20.3

Virus Genome Sequencing

Since traditionally viruses have had to be cultivated in conjunction with a host, the

removal of host sequences has been a perennial challenge in the determination of viral

genomes. To some extent, this has been resolved by the rise of metagenomics, ⁹ but

the multiplicity of former viral genes that have become incorporated into eukaryotic

genomes is a continuing challenge when trying to separate virus from host sequences.

There is, of course, much interest in the transcriptomics of hosts infected by

proliferating viruses, in order to better understand the mechanisms whereby the

virus can direct its host’s cellular machinery to its own ends of proliferation.

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8 Ramsden (2021).

9 Roux et al. (2017a, b).